Everything That An Otaku Must Know And Part 1

Saturday 17th of December 2011 07:28:50 AM

fandom. The term survived at least until the beginning of the 1990s, but seemed to disappear just before the resurgence of the in the mid-1990s. In general, the term "Japanimation" now only appears in nostalgic contexts (although the own has revived the name again very recently).












The is recognized for its variety of genres, his artistic style unique, and so deep and emotional stories. This is divided into genres: adventure, science fiction, stories for children, romance, fantasy, erotic (hentai) and several others. The is an explicitly commercial art form, and most of the is produced for very specific audiences with well-defined categories for genera sh?nen (boys) and sh?jo (girls), as well as for adolescents and adults.

The is known for its animation which is very particular compared with Western cartoons such as the Disney. Studies in which is done have perfected techniques for using the least amount of animation frames per second which is possible (8 frames per second), such as move, or repeat settings, images of the characters that glide on the screen, and dialogues that involve animateonly their mouths while the rest of the screen remains static. Others argue that the best should accentuate the direction sophisticated on the current animation (movement of the character), providing an illusion of movement when in fact not so there.






As normal is that when a has considerable sales in Japan success, there is an animated series, and if it is also successful, translates and circulated to other countries and begin to produce merchandising surrounding her and tells the story (such as video games, stuffed animals...).

However, there are cases that occur in a different order, such as Neon Genesis Evangelion ( born from a successful series of animation) and Dragon Quest (born from a video game).





Out of Japan the vast majority of the audience for the this traditionally formed by young people, so it is not surprising that the majority of the which translates is the style of the genus shonen, including titles like Bubblegum Crisis, Tenchi Muyo, Gundam and today series like Naruto, Bleach and One Piece. However the shoujo genre has had recent success in the West in the form of Sailor Moon, Cardcaptor Sakura, and Revolutionary Girl Utena. fans have hopethat the positive publicity surrounding the acclaimed film from Hayao Miyazaki spirited away won the Academy Award for best film animation 2002 and a golden bear at the Berlin International Film Festival (2001) can stimulate the acceptance of this stream. Also are various series that have more success outside of Japan than in the same country, digase Saint Seiya, better known as the Knights of the Zodiac, one of the anime more successful history (maybe the greatest DBZ after clear) that he had a tremendous impact and is counted as the series which opened worldwide acceptance of its kind in more than one country.








This narrative genre is mainly a mixture of Japanese and Western cultures. The Western genre rescue some characters archetypes, presentation in chapters of the same duration and animation among other things techniques. He added to this traditional Japanese concepts such as the emphasis on everyday life and the traditional style of modernized Japanese drawing. Also may be other types of mythologies, including Greek, Chinese, Scandinavian (if taken examples would be the series Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and Matantei Loki respectively). It should also be taken importance taken by other religions, such as the Hindu and the Christianity.









Although the is considered separate from drawingscartoons, this uses many features implemented in the cartoons such as storyboarding, voice acting, design of characters, among others. The also tends to take borrowed elements of many texts of in the background, and the panels of designs also. For example, an opening may employ panels to tell the story, or to dramatize a point for humorous effect.

Most times is the adaptation of video - although it also adapts a light novel or a visual novel-; commonly having fewer details in their strokes. The generally refers to the drawing of cells, but also applies to the animation created by computer, as for example Final Fantasy, although for the latter usually have names such as CG (computer graphics).





The is known for his animation, which is very particular compared with Western cartoons such as the Disney. Studies in which is done have perfected techniques for using the least amount of animation frames per second which is possible (8 frames per second), such as move, or repeat settings, images of the characters that glide on the screen, and dialogues that involve only encourage their mouths while the rest of the screen remains static. Others argue that the best should accentuate the direction sophisticated on the current animation (movement of the character), providing an illusion of movement when in fact not so there. Although in theyears everything has improved due to the use of computer technology using specialized 2D animation or combination 2D/3D software. The sites represent the atmosphere of the scenes, also can have series in the melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, where places can make references to different locations in real life. There are also simulation of camera angles, camera movement which play an important role in the scenes. Managers have the discretion to determine viable angles for scenes and backgrounds and can also choose camera effects in cinematography.





Choosing a theme of animation, you start the writing of the screenplay, by which the director, with the assistance of the director of production, begins to give directives to the first character design, art director can make a first outline of the characters and environments. With developed it is directed towards the creation of scripts, a kind of comic strip that serves as a basis for the monitoring of all staff, provides details such as the number of frames in the scene, the Visual effects and of the necessary background, cameras, camera movements, dynamics and the composition of the scenes (for the creation of twenty-six minutes of storyboards)(normally, it takes about three weeks of work). Once established, under the coordination of the director storyboards, design of characters, the design of mechanisms and funds, are carried out preliminary drawings, which will form the animatic, 24 which is a filmed version of storyboards required to verify times and pace of the scenes, with the incorporation of the dialogue and music that must be consistent both with theimages and sounds.





In the character design may vary in certain ways depending on the time or the cartoonists. It should be noted that in the are usually influenced more than one type of style rather than the pen calligraphy brush. Some visible features are:

• Eyes: are commonly very large, oval shaped, very defined and with bright colors such as red, pink, green, purple, apart from the normal blue and coffee. Osamu Tezuka introduced large eyes inspired by Disney as Mickey Mouse productions and thus are taken in a humorous manner or personality to the character. The coloring is to give to the deep eyes. Shadow light texture, tone color and a dark shadow are generally used. It should be noted that not all series have eyes large as in the movies of Hayao Miyazaki.



• Hair: there are of all shapes, sizes and volumes for male or female characters. In addition to a wide variety of colors like the eyes, they can have different forms of shading

• Body: may be very similar to the proportions of the human body, but in a way very statuesque and the MoE. Variations to proportion can also change in the chibi or super deformed where the traits may be greatly exaggerated, though these are to give a touch of comedy to the series.

• Face: nose and mouth are small, the lower part of the face appears to be of a Pentagon. A wide variety of facial expressions are used bycharacters to denote moods and thoughts. The uses a different set of facial expressions in comparison to Western animation. Other stylistic elements are common and often in the comedy of characters that are shocked or surprised will make a "face fault" which sets out an extremely exaggerated expression.



It must also take into account the characteristics of not humans as animals, robots, monsters and demons vary depending on the context and are very different from the humans. The animals may have a drawing as they really are, although there may also be hybrids between humans (see kemono). Robots and monsters can be huge as the skyscrapers size, although they may also have features chibi, comical way.






Bish?jo. Literally, "young beautiful".
Bish?nen. Literally, "young beautiful".
MoE. Style which exaggerates the "tender" characteristics of the characters.
Super deformed (Known commonly as Chibi). Very small characters like puppets. They exaggerate the children's characteristics.









The music in the is often closely linked to industryJ-Pop and j-Japanese rock music. It is itself an important industry, and a genus by its own right, often with the genre called anison (????), an acronym for "animation" and "song", or "songs of .

The soundtrack used in the different formats usually be called OST as abbreviation for Original Soundtrack. This can consist of:

to the Spanish.

The cast of the voice actors is called Seiy?. The Seiy? profession is known and developed in Japan.






These series are characterized for their characters or the story itself often make references or parodies other anime, also tend to make mentions of video games, Visual novels, or sleeves, these series can find Lucky Star, Ore no Imouto ga Konnanni Kawaii Wake ga Nai, Tama, Seitokai no Ichizon and several more.







Mamoru Oshii



In Japan is well known Mamoru Oshii (1951). After working briefly for television, Oshii soon draws attention by its series Urusei Yatsura as well as the much later Patlabor. However, the name of Oshii reach Western audiences thanks to Ghost in the shell (1995). In April 2004 Cannes Edition presented Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004), which is to be a sequel to the 1995 film.


Hayao Miyazaki



With the release of Princess Mononoke (1997) back to echo the name of Studio Ghibli. With this story, set in the Muromachi period (14th-16th centuries), becomes the subject of nature threatened by human beings. Surpassingall expectations, the collection exceeds 10 billion yen, surpassing even the American e. T.: the extra-terrestrial. Miyazaki, who had declared to the media that it would be his last film, retractará little time after such a claim.

Miyazaki returned to the address in 2001 with spirited, history of a capricious girl, to save their parents trapped by a witch, risking his life penetrating in a gigantic bathrooms house populated by supernatural beings, learning to fend for itself. He returned to renew the ledge of box office, with revenues of $ 150 million, equal to the Titanic. In the February of 2002 Edition of the Berlin International Film Festival Gets the bear gold and in March 2003 the Oscar for best animated film, facts widely picked up by the Japanese press.

Miyazaki later returned with howl no Ugoku Shiro (translated as howl's moving Castle, the amazing Castle Tramp and El Castillo Andante, 2004). In September 2005 Miyazaki received the Golden Lion career. Instead Takahata, his partner, after the commercial failure of my neighbors the Yamadas (1999), stays away from the anime


Akiyuki Shinbo



Shinbo began his career as an animator at the Studio One Pattern in the 1981 series Urusei Yatsura. In 1990, he participated as a unit director in the production of Studio Pierrot Karakuri Keng? Den Musashi Lord and started to work with storyboards to Yu Yu Hakusho in 1992.

Shinbo directed by complete their first series in 1994, Metal Fighter Miku. One of his most important work is The SoulTaker (2001), where he began to develop his own style as director. In 2004, he continued to improvehis style with Le Portrait of Petit Cossette, animated by Daume.

Also in 2004, Shinbo was hired by Seven Arcs to work its popular spin-off, magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha in Triangle Heart. Along with Shin ?numa and Tatsuya Oishi, Shinbo was hired by the new director head of Shaft Mitsutoshi Kubota, as a "supervisor", director, and "teacher" of the new members of the study. Since then, he has participated in most of Shaft productions.

Shinbo directed well-known series such as Bakemonogatari and Hidamari Sketch. During the production of these, Shinbo informed the Atsuhiro Iwakami producer of his desire to create a magical girl series. Iwakami asked Ume Aoki to do character designs and hired Gen Urobuchi, Nitroplus, to the script. This led to the creation of magical Sh?jo Madoka Magika, Shinbo directed in 2011. In spring of the same year, Shinbo directed Denpa Onna to Seishun Otoko, based on a series of light novels.

Shinbo has worked sometimes under pseudonyms, such as "Souji Homura" (????) and "Futoshi Sh?ya" (?????). He has also directed some hentai (pornographic) series under the pseudonym of "J?hachi Minamizawa" (????).


Katsuhiro Otomo



Katsuhiro Otomo (1954) achieved international fame with his Akira (1988), based on a by own creation, after which comes the movie Memories (1995), co-directed with Koji Morimoto and Tensai Okamura. Years later, he returned to directing the movie Steamboy (2004), a history of the more traditional steampunk, a millionaire budget.


Yutaka Yamamoto
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At the Institute, Yamamoto was a classmate of composer Satoru K?saki. After graduating from the Faculty of letters, Kyoto University, Yamamoto joined Kyoto Animation. He became known in the company after helping with the direction at Munto 2: Beyond the Walls of Time. In 2006, he was chosen as producer of the Suzumiya Haruhi series director not series, after which he became known among fans for coreografíar the Hare Hare Yukai ending theme dance. His directorial debut came in 2007, with Lucky Star, but after four episodes he was replaced by Yasuhiro Takemoto due to "problems of performance." in an interview on the radio later confirmed that he had been fired and tried to return to her job, without success. After his dismissal, he founded his own animation, Ordet Studio.

In 2008 he directed Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens with Ordet and A-1 Pictures. In 2009, he directed a 90 second short for inclusion in the fourth volume of the Tonari no 801-chan. The short was produced by A-1 Pictures and contained character design by Satoshi Kadowaki, another alumnus of Kyoto Animation. The production of the short happened after Kyoto Animation announced that it would produce a series of Tonari no 801-chan . However, in less than two weeks, the series was cancelled without explanation by its radio station, TBS.7 Ordet produced Black Rock Shooter, an OVA released in July 2010. Yamamoto was the supervisor of the project, which was the first production solo Ordet as main animation Studio. Shinobu Yoshioka, another alumnus of Kyoto Animation, directed her.

At the beginning of 2011, Yamamoto directed the Fractale, produced by A-1 Pictures andOrdet. The limited success of the series led him to announce his temporary resignation as director.


Tatsuyuki Nagai



Tatsuyuki Nagai (?? ?? Nagai Tatsuyuki, born January 24, 1976 in the Niigata Prefecture) is a director and member of the Sunrise Studio. His official directorial debut occurred in 2006 with Honey and Clover II, after which led in 2007 Idolmaster: Xenoglossia, and at present is directing Toradora!. It will soon lead the recent Kaito Tenshi Twin Angel.








Aniplex
Bee Train
BONES
EIKEN
GAINAX
Gonzo
J.C.staff
Kyoto Animation
Madhouse
Manglobe
Nippon Animation
Production I.G
Satelight
Shaft
Studio 4 ° C
Studio Ghibli
Studio Nue
Studio Pierrot
Sunrise
Tatsunoko
Toei Animation
TMS Entertainment



logo Studio Ghibli, one of the most
recognized in the world






There are different formats of production used:

Television series



They are the most common format and many are based on a .Premieres of each series in Japan, often presenting an episode per week, in seasons of 13 or 26 chapters on the basis of calendar, last half an hour and like all television programmes there are commercial courts. Hence it can vary its distribution in other parts of the world.

OVA



Abbreviation for original video animation ('original video animation') or video ("only available on video") available only here is where the duration of an episode can vary from a few solo minutes 45 minutes, sometimes may be additions to the story. Normally they are not presented on television. It is as a special chapter (almost always not going according to the story) but it is not film. It is also common that contain an opening and a different from the series ending.

Films



Feature films produced by the companies, they can be original stories based on a or many times in the series that can present alternate histories or a logical time of the series. Normally this complex (from 50 to 120 minutes) of films quite differ from other formats of animation - for example, the image quality - and consequently cause higher costs of production.

Some have a wide range of films, such as Doraemon and Pokémon.

Television specials

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Special as bonus from the series, sometimes isn't related to the basic story shown in the television series. They usually are broadcast on television for being day holiday during the change of season; Sometimes after the conclusion of . The bonus from the series is often closely linked to the plot of the series, but not necessarily continues.

Sometimes it is alternating to the main story and shows scenes of the series with another point of view and unexpected scenes. Often in the circular bonus from the series, the story has been working with the series, but absolutely does not change the current state of continuity. A series may be omitted unless it is lost. Usually to understand the series of bonus requires knowledge of the history of the series: can be seen in subsequent to the television series Love Hina specials.

ONA



ONA (original net animation, "animation created by Internet") of designed for distribution on the Internet. The ONA format is not yet widely used and its duration is usually short. An example of this is Azumanga Web Daioh.







In the , they tend to have gender found in audiovisual media. These are action, adventure, comedy, science fiction, drama, children's stories, fantasy, medieval, romance and horror.

Much of the series of caninclude two or more genera of sayings. For example, action and adventure can be combined very good way, what is given in series like One Piece, where the characters run through different places and at the same time, there are fights. There are many series of this kind, and is more common to see them in the Sh?nen manga. Well, drama and romance blend very well, and many series tend to mix them (especially in the sh?jo manga). Also, mystery and terror, as in Detective Conan and MONSTER.






The following table shows the genres used exclusively for and :

• Josei (?? literally "woman"): as audience target adult young women.
Examples: Nana, Paradise Kiss.

• Kodomo (?? literally "child"): focused towards children.
Examples: Hamtaro.

• Seinen (?? literally "young man"): featuring an adult man.
Examples: Gantz, Speed Grapher, Berserk, MONSTER.

• Sh?jo (literally "girl" or "girl" Peters): with protagonist main a girl.
Examples: Sailor Moon, Cardcaptor Sakura, Candy Candy.

• Sh?nen (?? literally "boy" or "boy"): featuring a teenage boy, which tend to have magical elements and fighting of all kinds.
Examples: Dragon Ball Z, One Piece, Saint Seiya, Bleach,Kateky? Hitman Reborn!, Naruto.






Progressive anime:
animation made with aim to emulate the Japanese originality.


Examples: Serial Experiments Lain, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Paranoia Agent.


Cyberpunk:
The story takes place in a world where technological advances take crucial part in the story, along with some degree of breakdown or radical change in the social order...


Example: Akira, Ghost in the shell, Battle Angel: Alita.


Ecchi:
It is the pronunciation of the letter H in Japanese, featuring erotic or increases situations of tone carried the comedy.


Example: Golden Boy, Vandread, To Love-Ru, Sora no Otoshimono.


Gekiga:
term used for the aimed at an adult audience, though it has nothing to do with the hentai. The term literally means "dramatic pictures".


Example: Omohide Poro Poro, Hotaru no Haka.


Gore:
literally bloody anime.


Examples: Shigurui, Elfen Lied, Higurashi no Naku Koro ni, Gantz, Genocyber, Ichi the Killer, Mnemosyne.


Harem:
many women are attracted to a man.


Examples: Rosario + Vampire, To Love-Ru, Love Hina, Onegai Twins, Sora no Otoshimono, To Aru Majutsu no Index.


Reverse Harem:
many men are attracted to one woman.


Example: Ouran High School Host Club, Fruits Basket, Starry Sky.


Hentai:
It literally means "pervert", and is the pornographic .


Examples: Bible Black, La Blue Girl, no Sora Yosuga.


Kemono:
human traits of animals or vice versa.


Example: Tokyo Mew Mew, Black Cat, Inuyasha.


Kinshinsoukan (incest):
Romantic/erotic relations between members of the same family.


Ejemplo:Aki Sora, Papa to Kiss in the Dark, Yosuga no Sora, Ore no Im?to ga Konna or Kawaii Wake ga Nai, Kiss × sis, Boku wa Imoto or Koi Suru.


Loli:
/ > homosexual or heterosexual romance between minor girls, this also may be one minor child and an adult.


Examples: Kodomo no Jikan. Some become completely yuri.


Magical girl:
magical girl, chica-bruja or with magical powers.


Examples: Corrector Yui, maho shojo madoka magica, Sailor Moon, Cardcaptor Sakura, mahou lyrical nanoha.


Wick:
giant robots.


Examples: Mobile Suit Gundam, Mazinger Z, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Code Geass, Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann.


Meitantei:
It is a detective story.


Examples: Sherlock Holmes, Detective Conan, Death Note.


Nekketsu:
Type of which abound in the action scenes featuring an exalted character that advocates values such as friendship and self-improvement.


Example: Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball, One Piece, Bleach, Naruto.


Post-apocalyptic:
the story takes place in a devastated world.


Example: Tengen toppa gurren lagann, fist of the North Star, Highschool of the Dead.Neon GenesisEvangelion, Tokyo Magnitude 8.0, Wolfs Rain


Romakome:
It is a romantic comedy.


Examples: Lovely Complex, School Rumble, Love Hina, Toradora!, Kaich? wa Maid-sama!.


Sentai:
in , refers to a group of superheróes.


Example: Cyborg 009, Tiger & Bunny.

Sh?jo-ai or Yuri:
Gay romance between girls or women. Differ first of the second in the content, whether explicit or not.


Examples: Shoujo Kakumei Utena, Strawberry Panic, Kannazuki no Miko. Yami to B?shi to Hon no Tabibito.


Sh?nen-ai or Yaoi:
Gay romance between boys or men. Differ first of the second in the content, whether explicit or not.


Examples: Sensitive Pornograph, Junjou Romantica, Gakuen Heaven, Gravitation, Loveless.


Shota:
Romance homosexual or heterosexual between children, this can also be given between one child and an adult.


Examples: Boku no Pico, Papa to kiss in the dark. Some become completely yaoi.


Spokon:
Sports stories.

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Examples: Slam Dunk, Doraemon, The Prince of Tennis, Inazuma Eleven, Eyeshield 21.

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Everything explodes. Everything goes to shit, all.

The energy emission Act


There is always an accumulation of energy (known as a ball of energy) rather than a Mecha or spaceship shoot. By explosive qualities of weapons, it is believed that this is connected with the law of inherent combustibility.

Law of the inverse deadly magnitude


The destructive potential of a weapon is inversely proportional to its size.

Law of the inverse marksmanship


The aim of one of the best when you're operating with any type of firearm increases as increases the difficulty of the shot. The aim of the bad guys when they are operating with firearms is decremented to decrease the difficulty of the shot (also known as the Stormtrooper effect). Example: One of the "good", drunk, grabbed by a mobile and moved above vehicle below always atinará, while several battalions of "bad" shooting a "good", alone, in open fields, always fail.

The ability of hemoglobin Act


The human body contains over 144 gallons of blood (proven), under high pressure.

Law on the military unreliability

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Armed the size of a Galaxy, whole armies and large war machines full of blood, and without a heart thirsty cruel warriors can be arrested and beaten with a simple and insignificant example of a tender emotion / affectionate or a song, or child.

Law of the Mandibular proportionality


The size of the mouth of a person is directly proportional to the volume to which they are speaking or comiendo.

The naïve parents act


Parents are the most naïve creatures of the Earth: for more weird stuff to make your child to never notice anything strange or out of the ordinary, except that the ratings fall.

Alert Animal Law


It doesn't matter if it is a desert and there should be no animals, provided that a bad thing appears, approaching, or going to do some evil, a flock of birds flies from somewhere inexplicable fleeing bad, fact that no good taking into account.

Law of stability clothing


Clothing is the material more resistant in the world, able to withstand higher temperatures and pressures of the known universe, thus overcoming the resistance of the diamond: it will never see the clothes of a character in flames, corroída by acids or other products (clear exception if the character has a few good pears),etc.

The spatio-temporal delays of death Act


If one of the good is wounded death, long take in palmarla is proportional to the seriousness of the wound. If it is a hole in his chest he will die in a matter of seconds, but if they open the belly in channel, it will continue to fight to load all the bad guys, then tumbará, will miss a speech, will make a slight smile while he closes his eyes and keep a Coldcut (if it is an old her diñará just after revealing a very important secret, which nobody understood). Similarly, if a bad maloso dies, it will be an explosion of final attack and will take a long time in disintegrate as he reflects on his life and left his final message. Also note that if a character is going to sacrifice to zoom a bomb of his group that will explode at any time, thus saving the world, the pump will be cleared time it needed to give the character his final speech and dismiss all.

Law of the repressed coefficient


Occurs when the protagonist is under great pressure. More stupid, inept, stupid and other adjectives, that is, at a time of pressure may devise a perfect plan, which lacks almost completely of bugs and will expire the bad in a blink of an eye. After winning the bad its coefficient and ability to fall lower than a normal human until the next battle.

Law of blood


When the character for some reason need blood,only be biting the thumb to obtain it, and you can repeat the process several times: his thumb will not be affected.

The instant court and speed absorption by material act


Whenever a character you want to show off skill with the sword, he cut an object in a matter of milésimas(normalmente_una_roca), saved the sword, and will 5 or 10 seconds later the top of the object are slide slowly through the cut area. The speed with the falling object is inversely proportional to the speed with which the Court has done.

Act of mania to the protagonist


If the protagonist faces against a side or main character before this becomes his ally, during the hard battle he developed some supernatural powers (wings of light, become a monster, giant arms of energy, etc.) only be used to kill the protagonist. Gives equal to that after a while the minor character is opposite (still in mortal danger) against a bad capable of destroying planets with a finger: the secondary character (although it is about to die) as maximum used a powerful attack, but not as powerful as this time he met with the protagonist.

Act of recognition Endeble


Simply the change your clothes or wear a mask can become completely unrecognizable even to your closest friends and relatives


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Manga (??) is the Japanese word for the comic in general. Out of Japan, it is used exclusively to refer to Japanese comics.

Hokusai Katsushika, a representative of the ukiyo-e, coined the term by combining the kanji corresponding to informal (? man) and drawing (ga ?). It translates literally as "capricious drawings" or "doodles". The Japanese also call to «insignificant images», because they buy annually more than billion volumes in black and white, printed on cheap paper.

The professional to write or draw manga is known as a manga artist.

Currently the or Japanese comics is the more pointer style of the world and constitutes a very important part of the literary market in the country. covers all genres and reaches all audiences, to enjoy as well as series of cartoons, movies of real image and video game adaptations.






Unlike the other two major schools of comics (the Franco-Belge and the U.S.), in the cartoons and pages are read from right to left, as well as in traditional Japanese writing. The most popular and well-known style of also has other distinctive features, many of them under the influence of Osamu Tezuka, considered the father of the modern.
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Scott McCloud points out, for example, the traditional primacy of what is called mask effect, i.e. graphic combination of cartoony characters in a realistic environment, as also in the clear line. In the is common, however, be drawn more realistically any of the characters or objects (latter to indicate where your details are necessary).



McCloud also detected a greater variety of transitions between vignettes that in Western comics, with a more substantial presence of the type which is called 'aspect to aspect', in which time seems to move.

Also it should be noted the large size of the eyes of many of the characters, more characteristic of Western individuals than Japanese, and originates from the influence of Osamu Tezuka practiced the style of the Disney franchise.
Despite this, is very varied and not all comics are assimilable to the jigs in the West, indeed addressing all kinds of styles and themes, and comprising authors of drawing realistic as Ryoichi Ikegami, Katsuhiro Otomo and Takeshi Obata






It is one of the manifestations of comics most older of the world, if needed its linkage with the Japanese art that was the product of years of evolution from the 11th century.






The first signs of the which today we know, ranging from history, eroticism, comedy and criticism. With Hokusai, precisely was given the word in one of his books Hokusai collected during the 19th century. Other cartoonists as Gyonai Kawanabe stood out well in this artistic period.





When starts the era Meiji, European artists marveled Ukiyo-e, thanks to the exotic beauty that aired. Thus the beginnings of the modern were due not only to the esteticidad of the art of the Edo period, but to European influences and later American in the development of the with the introduction of the techniques of comic books.

Precisely they were Charles Wirgman and George Bigot, who not only criticized the Japanese society of the 19th century, in the transition from the feudal era to the industrialized. but that gave the bases of what it would advance into the next century the development of . Both characters were and are still being admired by the mangaka, for its significance in the Japanese viñetístico drawing.

Arriving the 20th century, there are precursors of the in the modern era.



With the expansion of the European cultural influence in Japan, the modern was taking life as it introduces techniques of drawing and shading, as well as production slowly but surely works of mangaka like Kitazawa, Ichiro Suzuki and Takeo Nagamatsu.

With that in the decades of the 1920s and 1930 they were very progressive in the emergence of gender as Kodomo ( for children). Also publications are refined in works not version Nagagatsu, Speed Taro and Ogon Bat (the latter, the first superhero). Parallel to this, since 1915 already became the first trials of the passage of the to animation, which over time was born the .

To get World War II, with the militaristic policy, began to be influenced by war accounts, who displayed perfect, invincible, characters which in essence was already used for propagandisticos purposes until 1945, when the American occupation authorities banned this type of comic so unanimous.




With the unconditional surrender in 1945, Japan would enter into a new era. Entertainment emerged asindustry responding to the psychological need of evasion before the harsh postwar. The lack of resources of the population in general required cheap entertainment media.

In such a way tokyota of manga magazines-based industry saw competitors emerge. Product of the circumstances, appeared the Kamishibai, a kind of legends of the blind, which toured the peoples offering their show in exchange for the purchase of candy. The Kamishibai didn't compete with magazines, but if two other new media focusing on Osaka:



• On the one hand, the library system of payment, which would operate a network of 30,000 loan centers throughout the country, producing their own sleeves, in the form of journals or volumes of 150 pages.

• By another red books, volumes of about two hundred pages of low quality black and white paper, whose user ID feature were their covers in red color and its low price. This industry was paying its artists with salaries next to misery, but in return they enjoyed extensive creative freedom.

Osamu Tezuka, a twenties passionate medicine student of Disney and Fleischer cartoons, would change the face of the Japanese comic with his first red book. The new treasure island sold suddenly between 400,000 and 800,000 copies. His success was applied to the comic a cinematic style decomposing movements in several vignettes and combining this dynamism with abundant sound effects.



The success of Tezuka takes him to Tokyo magazines, particularly to the new sh?nen (1947) which was the first child magazine dedicated exclusively to the , andin which Tezuka published Astro Boy. In these journals it imposes its scheme of epic in form of series of stories and diversifies its production in multiple genres, which include its literary adaptations and for girls or Sh?jo . In the mid 1950s, Tezuka is moved to a building in the capital called Tokiwasi, which peregrinarían the new authors, then applicants, today stars. A year later Shonen disappears and the red books are. Between the two and by the work of Osamu Tezuka had been the pillars of contemporary industry.



The triumph of the magazines ended the Kamishibai and many of its authors took refuge in the library system. The magazines were all children, and libraries found a hole creating a a more adult audience-oriented: the gekiga. They left disneyano style for a more realistic and photographic opening the field to new violent, escatological or pornographic genres like horror, stories of Samurai, the sleeves on Yakuza, eroticism... They include to Sampei Shirato in 1964 patrocinaría the only magazine underground in the history of the , Garo. Competition in the graphic field of the gekiga forced the magazines to reduce the presence of the text, increase the number of pages and size for their best vision.

With the onset of the economic boom people demanded more . In response, one of the leading publishers of books, Kodansha, came in 1959 in themagazines market. Its title Shonen magazine, changed the pattern of monthly to weekly, by multiplying production and imposing the authors estajanovismo, although this time with millionaire salaries. Soon, other publishers like Shueisha, Shogakukan or Futabasha groups under-performance. This production system would sacrifice the color, paper quality and sophistication thematic, also taking step political criticism. But it would increase rapidly to astronomical figures and sales corporate profits, making most important audiovisual media in the country.


Leiji Matsumoto

Other important authors of these years are Fujio Akatsuka, Tetsuya Chiba, Fujiko f. Fujio, Riyoko Ikeda, Kazuo Koike, Leiji Matsumoto, Shigeru Mizuki, go Nagai, Keiji Nakazawa, Monkey Punch and Takao Saito.




Fan service and the sexual themes began to dominate during the 1980s.




In 1988, thanks to the success of the Akira film version, based on the self-titled debut artist Katsuhiro Otomo, released in 1982 in the magazine Young Magazine Publisher Kodansha started to spread internationally on a scale previously never dream, coming at the end of the nineties of the 20th century to have influence on the giants of the American comic book Marvel Comics and DC Comics publications, even to the point of arriving (without much success) to hire the mangaka (cartoonist of )Japanese Kia Asamiya for one of his flag series, Uncanny X-Men.



The boom Akira Japanese production led to the West was not something that was forged from the overnight, in the late 1960s Osamu Tezuka had already sold emissions of its first Astro Boy series to the American NBC network getting a hit quite notable child audience but in the 1970s was followed by the animated Mazinger Z series, Great Mazinger, Grendizer, this last being a boom media in France where it became known as Goldorak, all of which are based on the comics of the mangaka and current Mogul Empire of publishing distribution Go Nagai, because going to the era of the 1980s where begin to conquer other series of another kind, such as Macross Robotech known in the West, the review of Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy but on this occasion refilmada in colour and with already more modern, and the epic series Gundam, based on the comic book series, surpassed only in seasons and episodes for American series Matt Groening's the Simpsons.

One of the authors most relevant and important in the boom media of late 1980s and early 1990s has been without a doubt, the mangaka Akira Toriyama, creator of the legendary series Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump series, both characterized by its spicy, irreverent and absurd humor. Such was the success of his two works that in some European countries came to unseat the lists of sales of comics to the American comic book and national comics for several years, being more marked the boom in Spain where in a few years he sold so many copies that Dragon Ball is considered the best selling comic book in the history of Spain. The weekly Sh?nen Jump magazine at a timepunctual, especially during some weeks coinciding with crucial episodes of the series Dragon Ball began to increase its weekly circulation in 6 million extra.



Other important authors of these years are Tsukasa H?j?, Ryoichi Ikegami, Masakazu Katsura, Masamune Shirow, Mitsuru Adachi, Yuzo Takada, Rumiko Takahashi, CLAMP, Jiro Taniguchi, Takehiko Inoue, Nobuhiro Watsuki, Eiichiro Oda, Masashi Kishimoto, Masami Kurumada, Naoko Takeuchi, Yoshizumi Wataru and Chiho Saito.


Today the genre of has established itself in Western society due to the success achieved during the past decades and reached even to imitate by European and American authors for trying to compete with the meticulous aesthetics and visual resources of this genus, such as the importance of it that now is no longer something minority in the West to be a commercial and cultural phenomenon that competes directly with narrative hegemony American and European.

Even the powerful Disney has come to appreciate Japanese productions as a commercial quality product, have your distributor Buenavista distribution rights in film from Studio Ghibli films, which have left many of the best works Japan has given the world in the hands of Hayao Miyazaki.

Its success has been very large, so that the film spirited away came to win in 2002 the Academy Award for the best animated film, prize never a Japanese animation film ever won.




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The magazines are weekly or monthly publications from 200 to 900 pages. In the magazines combine many different series with between 20 to 40 pages each in each issue of the magazine. These magazines are known as "magazines " or "Anthology magazines and are often forms of low-quality that hover between 200 to 850 pages long." They also contain several stories of four vignettes. If the series sleeves turn out to be successful they can be published for several years.

When a series has been published for a time, the chapters meet in volumes of (usually) about 200 pages (that collect 10 or 11 chapters that have appeared in the magazine) known as tank?bon. Paper and inks are of better quality, and who have been attracted to a specific history of the magazine buy when it goes on sale in the form of bound volumes. They have recently been printed versions "of luxury" for those readers who are looking for a higher quality printed and looking for something special.

Indicative way, the journals cost around 200 or 300 yen (slightly less than 2 or 3 euros) and the tank?bon cost about 400 Yen (3.50 EUR).

Some of the most popular magazines include:

• Big Comics
• Weekly Sh?nen Jump
• Sh?nen Magazine
• Sh